Qualitative Research Methods - 986 Words

Data were gathered from a self-designed survey, semi-structured bi-weekly interviews for 14 weeks, relevant document collection, and field notes. Each interview took around sixty minutes. The survey was used to understand respondents’ general education background and select suitable participants for the further qualitative data collection. Interviews asked their English and academic learning situations in Taiwan, the processes of studying in graduate programs, present doctoral learning situations, in and out of class academic (writing) activities, academic (writing) challenges they encountered during their academic acculturation, and their perceptions of own academic acculturation. Documents comprised academic information related to†¦show more content†¦Furthermore, they worked with different advisor(s) and/or research teams which formed unique culture. Therefore, utilizing case study to present each participant’s English academic writing situation and academic acculturation could provide more comprehensive research phenomenon. 2. Findings 4.1 Cheng-Rui 4.1.1 Cheng-Rui’s English writing and discipline-specific learning backgrounds (866 words) Cheng-Rui studied in the Material Science and Engineering (MSE) across from college to the doctoral level. When he studied in the college in Taiwan, most teaching materials related to MSE were in English. He wrote assignments and exams mainly in Chinese but occasionally wrote assignments in English to practice his English writing for studying abroad after graduation. Nevertheless, he did not receive any feedback on his English writing. During class, he took notes mostly in English because his instructors also wrote notes in English on a board. In the fourth year, he voluntarily participated in a science fair project. He viewed it as a step for studying abroad later. In this project, he conducted an experiment, presented results in the fair, and wrote a report on it. In order to practice his English, he insisted on writing the report and the poster in English. One notable impediment durin g his college study was the lack of exposure and training in English academic writing. He stated that â€Å"No one taught me how to write the report. I lookedShow MoreRelatedQualitative Research Methods1185 Words   |  5 PagesCOURSE | : | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH METHODS AND APPROACHES | COURSE CODE | : | BIR6024 | CREDIT | : | 4 | SLT | : | 160 hours | PREREQUISITE | : | GRU6014 | SEMESTER | : | First / Second | LEARNING OUTCOMES | : | 1. Use qualitative research methods and approaches in collecting and analyzing data. 2. Conduct qualitative research methods in education. 3. Critical in evaluating research reports. 4. Demonstrate ethical practices in collecting and analyzing data. | SYNOPSISLECTURERS’Read MoreQualitative Research Methods6311 Words   |  26 PagesPROJECT QUALITATIVE RESEARCH METHODS FROM AN ORGANIZATION MANAGEMENT PERSPECTIVE à hsan Ulaà ¾ Kocaoà °lu JANUARY 2006 CONTENTS Definition of Qualitative Research in Social Sciences Approaches to Management Research Positivism versus Phenomenology Deductive and Inductive Schools of Thought in Management Research Major Qualitaitve Research Approaches Ethnographic Approach Phenomenology Field Research Grounded Theory Case study Action Research Narrative research Qualitative DataRead MoreQualitative Research Methods5198 Words   |  21 PagesOVERVIEW Qualitative Research Methods: A Data Collector’s Field Guide Module 1 Qualitative Research Methods Overview F A M I L Y H E A L T H I N T E R N A T I O N A L Qualitative Research Methods Overview OVERVIEW T †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ his module introduces the fundamental elements of a qualitative approach to research, to help you understand and become proficient in the qualitative methods discussed in subsequent modules. We recommend that you consult the suggested readingsRead MoreQualitative Research : Research Methods1166 Words   |  5 Pages Qualitative Research Name: Allana Sibille SOC 333: Research Methods Professor: Risa Garelick December 3rd, 2015 Qualitative Research Qualitative research reflects the multiple ways researcher’s collect data and explore information through literature review. Participant’s review is often observed for analysis while â€Å"the role of the researcher focuses as the primary data collection instrument necessitates the identification of personal values, assumptions and biases at the outsetRead MoreQualitative Research : Research Methods1219 Words   |  5 PagesQualitative Research Justin Netcher SOC 333: Research Methods Jeremy Baker December 19, 2016 Qualitative Research Qualitative research reflects different ways that researcher’s collect data and explore all of the information through literature review. Participant’s that are reviewing is often observed for analysis while â€Å"the role of the researcher focuses as the primary data collection instrument necessitates the identification of personal values, assumptions and biases at the outset ofRead MoreMethods And Methods Of Qualitative Research1057 Words   |  5 PagesMethod Approach Qualitative research is normally recognizable via the use of methods that include, in-depth interviews and group moderation techniques; a particular objective to answer is â€Å"why?† and â€Å"how?† (Bailey, 2014). One of the great benefits of the qualitative research method is that it offers a wide range of approaches that can be used to capture data. In order to ensure credibility, two approaches will be used to conduct this research. The ethnographic approach will be used to understandRead MoreQualitative Research Methods4061 Words   |  17 PagesBusiness Research Skills Qualitative Research Report Business Research Skills Qualitative Research Report Teresa Cooney B00251777 Teresa Cooney B00251777 Contents Introduction 2 1. Research Design 3 1.1 Qualitative Research Methods 3 1.2 Thematic Analysis 3 2. Findings and Analysis 6 References 8 Appendix 1 9 Appendix 2 13 Introduction This report has been commissioned by the University of the West of Scotland (Paisley campus) for the Business Research SkillsRead MoreQualitative Research On Research Methods Essay839 Words   |  4 PagesThis type of research methods involve describing in detail specific situation using research tools like interviews, surveys, and Observations. Qualitative Research is primarily exploratory research. It is used to gain an understanding of underlying reasons, opinions, and motivations. It provides insights into the problem or helps to develop ideas or hypotheses for potential quantitative research. Qualitative Research is also used to uncover trends in thought and opinions, and dive deeper into theRead MoreQualitative And Quantitative Research Methods936 Words   |  4 PagesQualitative and quantitative research methods are two alternative applications for research methods. Both are very different in how data is collected, what data is collected, and how data is measured. Both of these research methods are utilized amongst the major areas of psychology and the social sciences. This paper will provide a brief description of qualitative and quantitative methods, provide the differences between the two approaches along with the terminology used for both; I will alsoRead MoreQuantitative And Qualitative Research Methods Essay1850 Words   |  8 Pages3.2 Research Methods â€Å"Quantitative and Qualitative† were the two principal approaches in psychological research currently (Bavelas, 1998). Quantitative research is concerned with applying statistical approaches to test hypotheses. Statistical methods are to consider as the analysis of data, it normally concerned with â€Å"probabilistic model† as a background. (Sibson, 1999), the prominent characteristic of probabilistic model is as the analysis of data was collected, which is considered about â€Å"mean,

The Spirit Is Not Our Inheritance - 2505 Words

â€Å"Salvation is the work of the Father, Son, and Spirit on our behalf. The Father knew those who would be saved even before He made the world. He sent the Son to become one of us, to give His life to pay the penalty for our sins, and to be raised from the dead to give us assurance of eternal life. Believers receive the Holy Spirit as a deposit, a down payment, a seal, and as the firstfruits of our inheritance (Romans. 8:23). The Spirit is not our inheritance; He is the beginning of an indescribable inheritance yet to come (Ephesians. 1:14).† (Holsteen and Svigel) It is a commonly held understanding that in order to attain eternal life in Heaven man must seek salvation. Being that is the only means by which mankind can be emancipated from a†¦show more content†¦The Scriptures show us that God placing has allowed humans the ability to decide their destiny. â€Å"I call heaven and earth as witnesses today against you, that I have set before you life and death, blessing and cursing; therefore choose life† (Deuteronomy 30:19. Holy Bible: NIV). The elemental significance for the need for mankind to be converted back from a sinful nature is found in the Scriptures which teaches that all men are lost in sin and are in need of salvation. â€Å"If our Gospel be hid, it is hid to them that are lost (2 Corinthians 4:3. Holy Bible: KJV). Therefore, if any man does not choose salvation after it has been offered to him, he will remain lost and unsaved, because â€Å"For the Son of man is come to seek and to save that which was lost (Luke 19:10. Holy Bible: NIV). â€Å"Salvation in its theological sense denotes, negatively, deliverance from sin, death, and divine wrath and, positively, the bestowal of far-ranging spiritual blessings both temporal and eternal.† (Demarest and Feinberg) Salvation, from the time of the Old Testament, has been based on a provisional promise that was most often described as a way of deliverance, danger, or bondage. In the New Testament, however, salvation was a gift promised to those who personally â€Å"respond to the invitation from Christ Himself† (Grudem) which was only offered because of God’s intervention. The need of salvation is the need to be reconciled backShow MoreRelatedCultural Differences In Mothers Inheritance By Joanita Male1724 Words   |  7 Pagesdifferences these two pieces of literature can be compared on the basis of their literary contents and their culture expression. The first piece stemming from Middle Eastern literature is â€Å"Mother’s Inheritance† written by Fawziyya Abu-Khalid which outlines a daughter who has been given a gift of inheritance that is being attempted to be taken away from her. The second piece derives from African literature is titled â€Å"It’s a Night Job† written by Joanita Male. In this piece a daughter explains how herRead MorePersonal Statement : Eternal Life980 Words   |  4 Pageswill have everlasting life after we die (Proof of life after death, 2016). The Holy Spirit is the guarantee of inheritance of this life (Proof of life after death, 2016). Ephesians 1:13-14 (KJV) states, â€Å"In whom ye also trusted, after that ye heard the word of truth, the gospel of your salvation: in also after that ye believed, ye were sealed with that holy Spirit of promise. Which is the earnest of our inheritance until the redemption of the purchased possession, unto the praise of his glory†. Read MoreHow God Views Covenants On The Gospels, Acts, And Revelations1740 Words   |  7 PagesGiving Expression to the Relationship Between Old and New Testament, â€Å"The Old Testament is taken as promise and the New Testament as fulfillment of the promise† (p.84). Luke 1:72 says â€Å"He has been merciful to our ancestors by remembering his sacred covenant- the covenant he swore with an oath to our ancestor Abraham.† Luke is explaining to his audience how God has always remembered his promises and that he will not fail his people. One of the ways that Jesus reveals in the gospels of his new covenantRead MoreThe Spiritual Discipline Of Practicing The Presence851 Words   |  4 Pagesconnection to God and according to some believers has been a required reading for centuries. Compare at least one other denomination’s understanding of this discipline Prayer is one of the ways in which we can practise the presence of God in our lives, however various denominations have different understandings and beliefs regarding prayer, which vary within the denomination in micro and macro capacities. For example, Catholics include certain conditions in which they believe affects the efficiencyRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s King Lear992 Words   |  4 Pagesover legitimacy and inheritance. He quickly reveals his plan to usurp his brother’s inheritance: Well, then, legitimate Edgar, I must have your land. Our father’s love is to the bastard Edmund as to th’ legitimate. Fine word, â€Å"legitimate.† Well, my legitimate, if this letter speed and my invention thrive, Edmund the base shall top th’ legitimate. (1.2.17-22). Although Edmund creates this plan secretly, it should be no secret to Edgar that Edmund would want some sort of inheritance, and the only wayRead MoreThe Spirit Of The Holy Spirit960 Words   |  4 Pagesdoctrinal teachings that acknowledge the power of the Holy Spirit, however, they do not ascribe his actions and the power to an individual essence but rather to mere influence. I do believe that the Holy Spirit is a person, in-fact the Third Person of the Trinity who is equal with the Father and the Son in essence. When it comes to the individual acts of the Holy Spirit as recorded in scripture, Elmer Town says it best â€Å"the Holy Spirit does a number of things only a person can do; and it is theRead MoreThe Bible Plan Of Salvation1740 Words   |  7 Pagescomplete, thoroughly equipped for every good work.† (II Timothy 3:16-17) All that we have of God’s Word is in the Bible; therefore, anything that is not in the Bible is not the Bible plan and it’s not God’s plan. â€Å"Blessed be the God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ, who hath blessed us with all spiritual blessings in heavenly places in Christ: According as he hath chosen us in him before the foundation of the world, that we should be holy and without blame before him in love: Having predestinatedRead MoreMaddie Piner Final Bible Paper: Galatians Paul begins his letter by saying he is an apostle not600 Words   |  3 PagesPiner Final Bible Paper: Galatians Paul begins his letter by saying he is an apostle not from men nor through man, but Jesus Christ. He sends grace and peace from God and Christ, stating the deliverance made possible by Jesus death for our sins. As a servant of Christ, Paul is seeking to please God not man. The gospel preached by Paul was being twisted by those false teachers. Paul proceeds to defend both the gospel and his apostleship by showing that his gospel was by revelationRead MoreMy Summer At An Indian Call Center1588 Words   |  7 Pagesassimilation is emerging in the trend of immigrants, people still struggle between preserving and redefining traditions. The struggle between the impact of cultural inheritance, original tradition and intrinsic cultural spirit, and the purpose of altering traditions are resulting in the dilemma of cultural identification. Cultural inheritance, which is one of the essential ways of preserving traditions, is now being challenged by contemporary life. People have to choose between following the traditionRead MoreReconciliation Is Only Accomplished After The Act Of Forgiveness Essay940 Words   |  4 Pagesreconciliation. Jesus then is the great redeemer through His act on the cross. The Holy Spirit is the great reconciler. Just as God provided a way to deal with the penalty and shame associated with sin, He also provided a Helper to bring us closer in relationship. The ministry of the Spirit is to bring peace. The iconic symbol for peace is the dove. The descending of the Spirit upon Jesus shows the need for the Holy Spirit to do the work of reconciliation. Jesus, being fully man, could not accomplish the

Blod Bank Free Essays

string(40) " the functions performed by the system\." BLOOD BANK MANAGEMENT SYSTEM Software Requirements Specification 3rd Feb 2013 Prepared for BLOOD BANK Table of Contents Revision Historyii Document Approvalii 1. Introduction1 1. 1 Purpose1 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Blod Bank or any similar topic only for you Order Now 2 Scope1 1. 3 Definitions, Acronyms, and Abbreviations1 1. 4 References1 1. 5 Overview1 2. General Description2 2. 1 Product Perspective2 2. 2 Product Functions2 2. 3 User Characteristics2 2. 4 General Constraints2 2. 5 Assumptions and Dependencies2 3. Specific Requirements2 3. 1 External Interface Requirements3 3. 1. 1 User Interfaces3 3. 1. 2 Hardware Interfaces3 3. 1. 3 Software Interfaces3 3. 2 Functional Requirements3 . 2. 1 Functional Requirement or Feature #13 3. 2. 2 Functional Requirement or Feature #23 3. 5 Non-Functional Requirements4 3. 5. 1 Performance4 3. 5. 2 Reliability4 3. 5. 3 Availability4 3. 5. 4 Security4 4. Analysis Models4 4. 1 Sequence Diagrams5 4. 3 Data Flow Diagrams (DFD)5 4. 2 State-Transition Diagrams (STD)5 1. Introduction This SRS provides requirements and proposed solution of the Blood Bank Management System used in blood banks. This software works in a Client Server environment with the server storing the data and clients connecting to the server for all types of transactions. It will explain the purpose and features of the system, the interfaces of the system, what the system will do, the constraints under which it must operate, specific requirements and other supporting information. This document is intended for both the stakeholders and the developers of the system. This document is intended for developers, project coordinator, project guide, users and testers. The developer can use the document to view the analysis and design part, to understand requirements specification. The project coordinator can use this document to review the idea of project whether it is innovative and usable or not. The project guide can use this document to analyze and manage the flow of project development. The tester can use this document to get clear idea about system, to understand the exact input domain of system and to generate respective test cases for the testing purpose. 1. 1 Purpose This Software Requirements Specification provides a complete description of all the functions and specifications of the Blood bank Management System software. The purpose of this document is to present a detailed description of the Blood Bank System. This document is useful for Blood Bank employees who use this system on the daily basis. This document will also serve as a reference to incorporate any changes made in the system to the future. It will also prove to be useful to the managerial staff which is responsible for the smooth functioning of the counter transactions that are performed on daily basis. This document is primarily intended to provide a detailed specification of the functional requirements for developers of the product. It also provides an overview of the product for the users. It will explain the purpose and features of the system, what the systems do and the constraints under which it will operate. This SRS document contains the complete software requirement for Post Office Transaction System and describes the design decisions, architectural design and the detail design needed to implement the system. It provides the visibility in the design and provides information needed for software support. 1. 2 Scope This software is used by System Administrator, Supervisor, Assistant and Lab technicians. The system is designed to provide user authentication by maintaining the user database which contains all the details of user along with login details such as username and password. Each user has a different level of operation for the authentication purpose. The solution will provide a well-organized and coordinated system where the blood and donor records are managed more efficiently with better security. The major goal of the system is to provide synchronized and centralized donor and blood stock database to the blood bank. It also improves the efficiency of blood stock management by alerting the blood bank administrator. System will provides traceability of donor in case of emergency. It also provides performance evaluation using report generation. 1. 3 Definitions, Acronyms, and Abbreviations This subsection should provide the definitions of all terms, acronyms, and abbreviations required to properly interpret the SRS. This information may be provided by reference to one or more appendixes in the SRS or by reference to other documents. 1. 4 References 1. www. bharatbloodbank. com 2. www. bloodbankindia. com 1. 5 Overview This document contains a brief history and insight into the problem as well as what the system is designed to do, the scope of the solution. It gives a brief summary of whom the system is targeted at, its capabilities, and its positioning in the device development process. It also explains requirements of the system and also where exactly the user and stakeholders are placed in the scheme of things. It elaborates on security issues, hardware and software requirement and also the priorities of various functionalities. The document helps the user to understand the Blood Bank System. The first part of the document provides the purpose, objectives and scope of the proposed system. It includes important definition, the problem statement specify the needed details to avoid any kind of ambiguity from user’s perspective. The document also states the feature set and capabilities of the system. The document also highlights the feature of proposed system and the advantages over the existing system. The document also highlights the various issues, error handling and the modification to be done in the system. The document is helpful to the user as it gives them opportunities to state what they expect from the system. In addition, the hardware specification required for the system is also mentioned. The user can read the document and make sure that his machine is equipped to run the system to avoid any inconvenience The user should make use of the document to understand the system better. The rest of this document provides a full description of the project for the blood bank. It lists all the functions performed by the system. You read "Blod Bank" in category "Essay examples" It gives the details of each of the system functions and actions in full for the software developer’s assistance. It also gives the overview of the problems currently faced by the system and provides solutions for the same. 2. General Description The project deals with the problem of automated management system that is keeping track of the actual amount of blood stock in the blood bank and to minimize human errors. The solution will provide a well-organized and coordinated system for blood bank where the blood and donor records are managed more efficiently with better security and added automation functions in alerting the administrator when the blood quantity is below par level and about the expired samples. In addition, the administrator can also trace back the donor responsible in case of reactive sample in blood transfusion and blood screening result. This system also creates a convenient and paperless environment for the blood bank in managing donors and processing blood stocks. The registration time for old donor is shortened as the records are retrievable from the system. Also the performance evaluation is possible using report generation facility. 2. 1 Product Perspective This system keep the track of all the actual amount of the blood stock in the blood bank to minimize the human errors. 2. 2 Product Functions 1. System will also maintain Blood Stock records and Discard register. 2. System will provide levels of operators for authentication purpose. 3. System will provide an authentication form where the users will fill the details. 4. System will process the request of login. 5. System will check for the entered details in the login database. 6. If the entered username and password are valid then the system will grant access to the user else will display an error message. 7. System will provide five interfaces such as Testing Interface, Blood Stock Interface, Issue Interface, Donor Registration Interface and Statistics Interface. 8. Donor Registration Interface will take all the personal and medical details of donor and generate a unique id for each donor. 9. If the donor already has an id then will retrieve its details. 10. In Testing Interface, if the results are positive then discard register is updated with sample details. 11. If the results are negative Blood Stock Repository is updated with sample details. 12. In Blood Stock Interface, system will generate unique bag numbers for each product. 13. It will generate alerts when the blood quantity is below par level and about the expired samples. 14. The System will move expired sample details to discard register and update blood stock repository. 15. In Issue Repository, system will check blood stock repository for availability. 16. If stocks are available then system will place an issue order. 7. It will generate a label which includes bag number and details of sample. 18. In Statistics analysis, system will generate various reports. 19. The whole transaction of the blood will be recorded in a system 20. The software will perform the stock management bill generation. 21. All the transaction of the blood will be updated within a small period of time. 22. The software will generate all the annual record of the blood bank.. 23. It will also maintain the record of the blood donor. 24. It will also maintain the record of the rejected blood and the rejection for the blood rejection. 2. User Characteristics The user must have the basic knowledge of the computer system. It is not necessary that the user must have the knowledge of the computer hardware. System administrator, supervisor, assistant and lab technicians. 2. 4 General Constraints * Blood bank employees ,donors 2. 5 Assumptions and Dependencies * The System will not allow any user with invalid username and invalid password. * The system should not provide administrative privilege to any customer. 3. Specific Requirements The systems should satisfy the below given requirements. 1. Operating System: Windows XP Professional 2. Database Management System (DBMS): MySQL 5. 0 3. Peer to peer connection. This can be done by connecting both the systems using a cross cable and giving different IP addresses to them. 3. 1 External Interface Requirements System Interfaces The systems should satisfy the below given requirements. 4. Operating System: Windows XP Professional 5. Database Management System (DBMS): MySQL 5. 0 6. Peer to peer connection. This can be done by connecting both the systems using a cross cable and giving different IP addresses to them. User Interfaces User Type| Intended Interaction| 1. DONOR REGISTRATION a. New donor b. Regular donor| * The system will take all the personal and medical details of donor and generate an unique id for the donor. * The system will take donors id as input, validate it and retrieve all its details including last donations. | 2. Administrator Login | * This login page will take input as username and password from the administrator * The system will validate the inputs and provide access to the system with more privileges to system and administrator| Testing | * This will take the input as blood group, donor id, date of collection; test carried out and its result. If the test results are positive then sample details are moved to discard register otherwise to blood stock repository. | Blood stock| * It will take all the details of the samples including blood group, its product details, date of collection, date of preparation, date of expiry, result of testing and generate a bag number. * It will generate alerts when the blood quantity is below par level and about the expired samples. * The expired sample details are moved to discard register and removed from blood stock repository. | Issue| * It will take input as product name, quantity, blood group and validate it with blood stock repository. If the stock is available then issue order will be placed. * It will generate a label which includes bag number, details of sample etc. | Statistics Display Page| * The administrator has access to this page. It displays all statistical data regarding the various issue orders placed, blood stock repository and testing screening. * Report generation. | 3. 5 Non-Functional Requirements Goal – To provide authentication to donors. Objective 1 – Create unique id for donor’s. a. Accept donor personal and medical information for new donors. b. Generate unique id for each donor. Objective 2 – Process authentication request. a. Accept donor id in case of regular donor. b. Retrieve donor’s profile. Goal – To manage Blood Stocks. Objective 1 – Process blood stock details. a. Accept product details like collection date, expiry date, blood group etc. b. Generates a unique bag number. Objective 2 – Establish connection with Issue interface and testing interface. a. Validate stock details for issue. b. Update blood stock repository after testing is negative. Goal – To generate reports and label. Objective 1 – To generate report. a. Generate product statistics b. Generate yearly, monthly reports and provide it to the administrator. Objective 1 – To generate labels for issue. a. Generate labels for the issue order placed. b. Provide it to the customer along with the date of delivery 3. 5 Non-Functional Requirements 7. 1. 1 Availability * For the customers, the services available are: Registration as a donor, placement of issue order. * For the administrator, the services available are: Manipulation of databases, change the functionalities provided by the system and monthly and yearly reports generation. . 1. 2 Security * This system maintains consistency and security as the blood stock details can’t be modified by the administrator or the other user. The system analyses the issue order placed by the customer and accordingly fulfills it. The system will also provide authentication by using username and password. * The donor’s database will have its own security to prevent unauthorized write/de lete access. The donor’s details will not be disclosed while issuing. 3. 8 Logical Database Requirements The databases used by the system are * Donor database Blood stock database * Discard database * Account database User database: The purpose of this database is to store the required information of the donors and their id’s. This database will be used for traceability of donor. The donors will fill their information while registration. Their credentials will be saved in this particular database. Blood Stock database: This database is used to maintain blood stock information. It maintains the details of valid samples. Discard database: This database is used to store details of blood samples which have to be discarded. This will contain information of expired samples and those samples which reacted positively in testing screening. Accounts database: The purpose of this database is to store the account details regarding issue of blood sample and to maintain the history of all the previous transactions. This database will be used by the administrator so that he can calculate the total cost of the issue orders placed. Accessing capabilities: 1. Only administrator can set the role of users and their access capabilities 2. No user can access anything outside its accessing capability . How to cite Blod Bank, Essay examples

Sustainability Strategy Analysis Globalization

Question: Discuss about the Sustainability Strategy Analysisfor Globalization. Answer: Introduction An entire system is a set of different parts that are interrelated and work towards a shared goal. System thinking approach is very much necessary to deal with different problems of sustainability as it overviews the problems and its related things from a macroscopic view (Mihelcic and Zimmerman 2014). In todays life, the system thinking has been utilized by several business practitioners; however, this approach was first derived by Professor Jay Forrester in the year 1956. There is a major difference between the system thinking approach and the traditional thinking approach. The traditional thinking approach generally focuses on whatever has been studied, whereas the system thinking approach focuses on the interrelationship between different components of the system (Wiek et al. 2014). It cannot be denied that the world is now moving towards more globalization and industrialization. Therefore in this era, the business world is facing numerous complex situations in the upcoming years . The significant raise in the numbers of female employees involved in the senior executive roles in the Australian corporations is one of the serious and significant issues in this globalized era. Therefore this essay will critically discuss and support the arguments which favours that system thinking is always helpful while dealing with this wicked problem. The Approach of System Thinking while Dealing with Sustainability Changes System thinking approach is a constructive process to deal with the issues of sustainability as this approach always considers these things from a closer point of view. While discussing with both the traditional analysis approach and system thinking approach, it can be easily derived that the system thinking approach help more in dealing with the complicated problems (Haines 2016). Therefore the system test is a significant part in the system thinking approach. There are three significant part of the system test, those are elements, purpose and functions. The first section of the system test is the purpose, for which the system thinking approach has been adopted. The second part of the test is the elements, which works on several essentials of the system thinking. The last part is the functions that refer to the interrelationship between the essentials. It can be said that the development of computer and the information technology have made significant modifications to the sustainabl e society (Nguyen and Bosch 2013). The technology has also provided computational solutions to several complicated problems in the world. However the sustainability challenges requires to be solved in a more intense manner. The system approach will be useful in recognizing the interrelationship between human behaviour, technology, societal approach and other environment impacts on the society. Therefore, in todays society there is a continuous shift from the computational approach to the system thinking approach. The computational approach considers the usage of algorithms and programming while solving each and every complicated problem. This can be helpful on the one hand; however on the other hand the usage of computational thinking and using algorithms and calculations in every problem works as a limitation to the approach (Kunze, Wulfhorst and Minner 2016). There are always few problems which cannot be solved with the help of algorithms. For such problems individuals have to con sider the system thinking approach. The wicked problem that has been considered in this essay is one of such problems which cannot be solved with computational thinking. The system thinking entirely focuses on the essential elements of the system that will interact with other essential elements within the system. It is the nature of the system thinking approach that solves the complicated problems in the society. For instance, it can be said that system thinking approach is very much helpful while dealing the issues that includes the interrelationships between diverse actors in order to solve the complicated problems or the frequent problems that have not been resolved after sincere efforts in the past. These sustainability challenges are even called adaptive challenges as there are already established processes and protocols which will not be applied in such situations (Glasson and Gibbons 2015). However there is not unified process or any approach in dealing with the wicked sustainability challenges. System thinking can be considered to be quite useful to change the earlier mental models while dealing with the issue of sustainability as it will con tain few technologies, definite processes and a specified set of skills. Scholars have argued that mental models that use system thinking approach involves few particular steps such as, framing the problem while using a dynamic thinking process and the system as the cause thinking; making an understanding that uses operational thinking, generic thinking, and scientific thinking and a proper communication using the emphatic thinking (Martinuzzi, Sedlacko and Jaeger 2016). The Wicked Problem: Increasing Womens participation in the Senior Executive Roles in Australian Corporations The problems that are considered to be the wicked problems are generally complex in nature, unstable and have no clear solution to it. The issue of more women participating in the leadership roles in the Australian Corporations can be considered as a wicked problem as it is one of the most complex problems, not only in Australia, but also all around the world. Despite several evidences of the companies that the companies with more percentages of women in their workforce as performing in leadership jobs perform a lot better, especially in the financial matters, the upper stratums of the corporate world of Australia still remain male dominated (Bruni, Gherardi and Poggio 2014). After assessing the benefits of gender diversity, the organizations need to be meritocratic. However the definition of who has sufficient merit to get promoted and who does not does not occur excluding the gender bias and subjectivity that has always remained challenging in the practice. These have more occurren ces especially when it comes to the promotions or appointing women in the senior executive roles. Promotions should be done based on an unbiased evaluation of both the future potential of the individual that can be helpful in meeting the needs of the organization and their record of part performance. However, there can always be an issue with this assessment, as the past performance can be easily evaluated, but the assessment of the future potential is quite subjective and this is where the biased judgments occur. Therefore, it will not be much surprising if the meritocracy can be implemented and biases can be minimized, it will enhance the progress of the women in the senior leadership. However, it is always an uncomfortable truth that men still remain in the majority by the factor of six of the top executives in most of the Australian organizations (Wajcman 2013). The Workplace Gender Equality Agency has found in their research that while around thirty four percent of the senior managers i the corporate world are women, only sixteen percent CEOs are women especially in the priv ate sector organizations. However, the public sector of Australia presents a worse scenario, where only five percent of the CEOs are women. Therefore if any kind of significant changes are to see in such statistics and corporate situation, the decision makers needs to question their own mental model or the thinking process and hold onto new behaviours and hire more qualified women into the top executive levels in the Australian organizations (Klettner, Clarke and Boersma 2016). This may also indicate to hiring someone, who is entirely different from the previous employees. However, this is the most significant reason in hiring more male employees in the top executive roles, as to the management appointing a woman to a senior position seems to be risky than to appoint a man. Application of the System Thinking Approach to Deal with the Problem System thinking can offer numerous ways while dealing with the complicacy of the issue with increasing the numbers of women in the senior role and it will be an entirely new approach to the decision makers in the management. The system approach has already been suitable in dealing with the complex issues in the business world (Glasson and Gibbons 2015). The System approach will view this related issues from a much broader viewpoint to find out whether there is any interconnected links between the levels. A system thinking approach generally considers the significance of the situation and the circumstances under which the particular decision has been taken and the influence of the situations during the time of implementation. While a problem is being dealt under the system thinking approach, even a small change in one of the essential elements can have a huge impact on the rest and there can be a massive change in the decision. While dealing with this specific issue the management of such organization need to assess current scenario of the female employees in top positions. Generally it is more obvious that the concerned decision makers will feel more comfortable in employing or promoting someone who is similar to themselves (Bocken et al. 2014). Most of the decision makers in the management are male employees, therefore they also feel comfortable in appointing someone who have appointed in such roles in the past. However, the continuous scarcity of female employees in the senior posi tions indicates less female role models to be referred for the decision makers. Therefore, promoting or appointing a female employee in a senior position that may be hold by a male employee, needs a more careful and objective assessment of the attributes, skills and the experiences regardless of gender (Sheridan, Ross-Smith and Lord 2014). Therefore in such situations, system thinking approach will benefit the organizational decision as there can be a systematic process of evaluating all the components that are involved in the decision making. However, it is always comes as a challenge for any human being to overcome all the biases, whether it is unconscious or conscious, it has some amount of impact on the decisions. The previous researches over this matter has indicated that while appointing an executive or a manager, the decision makers in the management most of the times interpret the merit as the past experiences and generally that ends up being the people who think and act like the people in the management. However, the world has shifted from that idea far ago, therefore this is not supposed to work anymore. Therefore to be a more agile and consumer centric organizations, the management will need more versatile, broad minded and flexible people in the workforce who can have a clear approach towards the future requirements of the organization (Adapa, Rindfleish and Sheridan 2016). Therefore, in such situations, system thinking approach will be very much helpful. It is also important to have a circumstances where the i ncreasing in the numbers of women employees in the top executive roles as a wicked problem not as a simpler problem. Relevance of the System Thinking Approach However there are several other arguments that have opposed the relevance of the system thinking approach. Even if it has been argued that system thinking approach can solve the wicked problems, there are some researchers who have also argued that this approach basically considers the ideology of the technically efficient people or the planners. Therefore it would be difficult to deal with this specific gender bias issue following this approach. Another criticism of the approach says that the system thinking approach is a time consuming procedure, as it needs to introspect all the minor issues that are related with the issue. Therefore an organization with urgency of recruiting senior employees or having a load of recruitment process will not be able to follow this approach (Kunze, Wulfhorst and Minner 2016). However, if the organizations need to increase the number of female employees within their workforce, they need to value all the minor and microscopic issues that are related wi th the problem. Conclusion There are other criticisms regarding this approach where the scholars claim that the approach only considers the cybernetics model, therefore it will only consider the mechanistic model. It is also a fact that even if system thinking deals with the interaction between several elements, but it does not specify the nature if the particular interdependency. Therefore, I will agree to the statement of the essay that system thinking process is significant but there should always be experts who have the capability of understanding the mathematical model of the approach and numerous tools that can be used in the thinking process. Including this approach will enable the decision makers to see the sustainability challenges from a pluralistic and complex point of view. 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